The 19th century in Wales, which refers to the period from 1800 to 1899, was a time of significant historical, social, and cultural change for this region of the United Kingdom. Here are some key aspects of 19th-century Wales:

1. Industrial Revolution: The 19th century saw Wales undergo a transformation as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The discovery of coal and iron ore in South Wales led to the rapid growth of mining and heavy industry. This industrialization brought an influx of workers to the region, resulting in the development of mining towns and industrial centers, such as Merthyr Tydfil and Cardiff.
2. Coal Mining: Wales became known for its coal production, and by the mid-19th century, it was one of the world’s leading coal exporters. This industry played a crucial role in the economic development of Wales but also brought challenging working conditions and labor disputes.
3. Iron and Steel Production: The iron and steel industry also thrived in 19th-century Wales, particularly in areas like the South Wales Valleys. The abundance of iron ore and coal made it an ideal location for iron and steel production, and many steelworks were established during this period.
4. Migration and Urbanization: The growth of industry led to significant population shifts. People from rural areas migrated to industrial towns and cities in search of employment opportunities. This urbanization led to the expansion of urban centers and the construction of housing for the growing population.
5. Language and Culture: Despite the industrialization and urbanization, the Welsh language and cultural identity remained important to many people in Wales. The 19th century saw a revival of interest in Welsh literature, history, and culture, often referred to as the “Welsh Renaissance.” Figures like Lady Charlotte Guest, who translated the Mabinogion, contributed to the preservation and promotion of Welsh culture.
6. Religion: Religion played a significant role in Welsh society during the 19th century. Nonconformist Christianity, particularly the Methodist movement, had a strong presence in Wales and played a role in shaping the moral and social values of the population.
7. Education and Literacy: The 19th century also saw improvements in education and literacy rates in Wales. Initiatives were taken to provide basic education to children, and the spread of literacy contributed to a more informed and politically engaged population.
8. Political Change: The 19th century was marked by political developments, including the extension of voting rights and the emergence of Welsh nationalism. The disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales, known as the Welsh Church Act 1914, was a significant political achievement for those seeking greater autonomy for Wales.

Overall, 19th-century Wales underwent a profound transformation from a largely rural and agricultural society to an industrialized and urbanized one. This period laid the groundwork for the social, cultural, and political developments that would continue into the 20th century and beyond.