Factsheet

• Word Type: Noun
• Pronunciation: /ˈtiː.kʌŋ.ɡə/
  Rhyming Words: Manga, Banga

Etymology

The term tikanga comes from the Māori language of New Zealand. It is derived from tika, meaning “right,” “correct,” or “just.” Tikanga encompasses concepts of morality, behavior, and cultural norms, deeply rooted in Māori tradition and history.

Meaning & Use

1. Cultural Norms and Customs:
   Tikanga refers to customs, norms, values, or principles regulating behavior within a community, particularly among Māori people. It guides social practices, decision-making, and community conduct.Example:
   The elders explained the tikanga surrounding the pōwhiri (welcome ceremony) to the visitors.
2. Law and Tradition:
   As a mass noun, tikanga also signifies Māori law, tradition, and customary practices, shaping ethical frameworks and societal structures in New Zealand.Example:
   Understanding tikanga is essential when participating in cultural events in Aotearoa (New Zealand).

Forms

• Singular: Tikanga
• Plural: Tikanga (same form)

Frequency of Use

Tikanga is widely used in New Zealand, especially in contexts involving cultural, legal, and social matters. Its relevance extends beyond the Māori community, influencing broader societal values and legislative discussions.

Examples in Use

1. Community Practices:
   Following tikanga ensures that sacred sites are respected during public events.
2. Educational Context:
   Schools in New Zealand teach students about Māori tikanga to promote cultural understanding and respect.
3. Legal Framework:
   The court acknowledged tikanga Māori as part of its decision-making process on indigenous land claims.

Quotations

• 1848: “They should continue to kill according to their old Tikanga, as often as they thought proper.” — Southern Cross (Auckland), 5 February
• 1938: “These rights were strictly respected in accord with various recognised tikanga.” — Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 47, p. 121
• 1998: “The general synod—of Pakeha, Māori, and Pacific tikangas—convenes on Sunday.” — Dominion (Wellington, New Zealand), 8 May
• 2020: “The value of tikanga…is the need for a constitution to relate to or incorporate the core ideals and the ‘ought to be’ of living in Aotearoa.” — D. O’Sullivan, We Are All Here to Stay, p. 207

Synonyms & Related Terms

• Custom
• Tradition
• Norm
• Principle
• Law (customary)
• Value system

Conclusion

Tikanga represents the cultural heartbeat of Māori society, encompassing customs, traditions, and guiding principles for ethical behavior. Its significance continues to shape New Zealand’s social, cultural, and legal landscape, making it a cornerstone of both historical and contemporary life in Aotearoa. Understanding tikanga is key to appreciating the depth and richness of Māori heritage and its lasting influence on modern New Zealand.