For decades, addiction was viewed through a narrow lens—as a chemical dependency, a biological trap set off by exposure to certain substances. The prevailing belief was simple: use the drug, get hooked, and spiral into a cycle of inevitable dependence. But this explanation, while convenient, left many questions unanswered. Why do some people develop addictions and others don’t, even when exposed to the same substances? Why do so many recover without medical intervention? Why is relapse often tied to emotional lows rather than physical withdrawal?

One experiment shook the foundation of this chemical-based model. In the late 1970s, Canadian psychologist Bruce Alexander conducted what would become known as the Rat Park study. It was a radical idea at the time: instead of placing rats in isolated, barren cages with only drug-laced water to consume—a setup that consistently led to compulsive drug use—Alexander created a spacious, engaging environment filled with toys, tunnels, food, and most importantly, other rats.

In this enriched setting, the rats showed little interest in the drug-laced water. They chose social connection, stimulation, and freedom over intoxication. The implications were profound. The problem wasn’t just the drug. It was the cage.

Modern neuroscience and psychological research have since supported and expanded upon this idea. While certain substances can create physical dependence, the underlying drivers of addiction often run deeper. Pain, trauma, emotional neglect, and social disconnection are powerful predictors of substance misuse.

A 2014 review in The Lancet Psychiatry emphasized the strong correlation between social isolation and substance abuse. Human beings, like the rats in Rat Park, are inherently social. When we’re isolated—physically or emotionally—we’re more vulnerable to seeking relief through artificial means.

Another body of research focuses on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)—events such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Numerous studies show that individuals with high ACE scores are significantly more likely to struggle with addiction later in life. These experiences shape brain development and coping mechanisms, often creating a vulnerability to addictive behaviors as a way to soothe unresolved pain.

Dutch professor Peter Cohen offers a compelling reframe: perhaps addiction isn’t about being hijacked by a chemical, but about bonding. Humans are wired for connection. When we cannot bond with people, purpose, or meaning, we may bond with substances, screens, or compulsive behaviors. Addiction, in this light, is not a moral failing or a disease in the traditional sense—it’s a substitute connection.

This new understanding urges a shift in how we approach addiction recovery. Rather than focusing solely on detoxification or abstinence, effective treatment must prioritize reconnection—to self, to others, to community, and to purpose. Therapeutic environments that foster trust, emotional safety, and meaning are often more transformative than those that treat addiction as a purely medical condition.

The takeaway is clear: people don’t heal in isolation. They heal in connection. If we truly want to address addiction, we must stop asking, “What’s wrong with you?” and start asking, “What happened to you—and how can we help you reconnect?”

Addiction may start with a substance, but it rarely ends there. It’s not just about what was taken, but about what was missing. And recovery is not just about saying no—it’s about finding something deeper, healthier, and more human to say yes to.