Multi-Level Marketing (MLM), also known as network marketing or pyramid selling, is a business model that involves recruiting individuals to become distributors or salespeople for a company’s products or services. These distributors are then incentivized to not only sell the company’s products but also recruit others into the business as distributors themselves. This creates a hierarchical or multi-level structure of distributors, where each distributor earns commissions not only from their own sales but also from the sales made by the distributors they’ve recruited and those further down the line.

Key characteristics of MLM include:

1. Hierarchical Structure: MLM companies typically have a pyramid-shaped organizational structure with multiple levels of distributors. The person at the top of the pyramid (often called an “upline”) recruits individuals beneath them, who in turn recruit more individuals, and so on.
2. Commissions and Bonuses: Distributors in MLM are compensated through a variety of mechanisms, including commissions on their own sales, commissions on the sales made by their downline recruits, and various bonuses based on team performance or recruitment efforts.
3. Recruitment Emphasis: MLM often places a strong emphasis on recruiting new distributors, and there may be requirements or incentives for distributors to continually bring in new recruits.
4. Product or Service Sales: While MLM companies typically have real products or services to sell, some critics argue that the emphasis on recruitment can overshadow the actual sales of these products. This can lead to accusations of MLMs being pyramid schemes.
5. Training and Support: MLM companies often provide training and support to their distributors, including marketing materials, product information, and sales techniques.

It’s important to note that MLM has been a subject of controversy and criticism. Some people view it as a legitimate business opportunity that allows individuals to build their own businesses and earn income through hard work and recruitment efforts. However, others criticize MLM for its recruitment-heavy focus, the potential for deceptive practices, and the fact that only a small percentage of participants typically earn significant income while many others may experience financial losses.

In many countries, there are regulations and laws in place to govern MLM practices and prevent fraudulent pyramid schemes. It’s essential for individuals considering involvement in an MLM to thoroughly research the company, its compensation plan, and its products or services, and to exercise caution before investing time and money in such a business opportunity.